Managing Pests in Multi-Unit Housing: Strategies for Landlords and Tenants

Treasure Valley Pest Control is the process of managing pests in an environmentally responsible manner. Threshold-based decision making is important: a few wasps visiting a flower doesn’t require spraying but a large nest in the yard probably does.

Avoid pest invasions by keeping food and trash sealed and disposed of, and eliminating places where they breed or hide. Use physical barriers such as fences to keep them out, and chemical sprays to kill or repel them.

Pests are organisms that interfere with human activities by damaging crops or affecting the health of people and animals. Identifying the pest is critical since appropriate control methods may vary significantly depending on species, stage in life cycle and environmental factors. Proper identification also enables selection of controls that minimize injury to beneficial insects.

A pest’s physical appearance can be a good guide to determining what it is. For example, many bugs have distinct body segments or antennae. Leg counts can help narrow down the list of possible invaders as well. Some insects, such as fleas or ticks, have two legs while others have four.

In addition, it’s important to identify pests based on their damage and how they are getting into the area. This information will help determine the level of urgency, such as whether the pest has caused immediate or serious damage and whether treatment is required immediately or if it can wait until next week.

The process of identifying pests begins with field scouting. This involves monitoring for the presence of pests in a given environment and crop, taking into account specific factors that favor their development. Sampling early in the season and concentrating on areas where pests have been present in the past is recommended to detect a problem before populations build to damaging levels or spread.

Once the pest is found, a careful examination can provide valuable clues about its life cycle and behavior. For instance, a pest may change its appearance as it matures or moves through different stages in its life cycle. For example, a weed seedling may look very different from the adult form of the same species.

Accurate pest identification is particularly important in integrated pest management, which focuses on treating only for the targeted pest and limiting exposure to other organisms. For example, using a fungicide to manage an insect infestation may also harm beneficial insects that live in the same soil. Proper identification enables the selection of a fungicide that will manage the pest without impacting other organisms. It also helps to select biological insecticides that are species-specific.

Prevention

Pests infesting homes, businesses and public places can cause damage to the property, contaminate food and make allergy and asthma symptoms worse. Pest control aims to prevent these infestations by managing the environment in which they live and limiting their access to areas where people gather. It may include increased sanitation, reducing food waste, cleaning surfaces that are used to prepare meals and applying pesticides. In some cases, such as when an insect infests a museum collection, pest control may require a special approach to ensure the preservation of the artifacts.

Pest control is often called in to deal with issues like rodents, bees and wasps, flies, ants, fleas and bed bugs. These are the types of pests most frequently encountered by home and business owners. Pest control professionals have the knowledge and tools to deal with these pests safely. However, the best way to deal with them is to avoid attracting them in the first place. This can be done by removing clutter, not keeping foods or trash out for too long and washing or replacing garbage bags on a regular basis.

The outdoor area around the house should be free of debris that can offer hiding places for rodents and other pests. Vegetation should be trimmed back so that it is not touching the foundation of the house, and bird feeders and baths should be placed far away from the structure. It is also important to eliminate water sources around the house, such as leaking pipes, and to time irrigation for morning rather than at night when pests are most active.

Keeping garbage cans and other storage areas clean is another important step in preventing pests. It is advisable to upgrade to sealed trash containers that will not allow pests to see inside. Garbage should be removed on a daily basis to reduce the accumulation of food scraps that can attract flies, ants and cockroaches.

The use of sprays or “bug bombs” should be avoided as these can irritate the nose and eyes of family members. Moreover, they do not deal with the root of the problem and can drive the pests deeper into hiding. For the most effective pest control, a professional should be hired to assess the situation and apply an integrated pest management (IPM) plan that includes both exclusion and suppression strategies.

Suppression

Pests are typically controlled through preventive and non-chemical methods before they reach damaging levels. Sprays and other chemical products are used minimally, if at all, and always in tandem with other control measures.

Pests often rise to pest status because they escape normal control by natural regulating agents such as predators, parasites, disease organisms, and other environmental factors. These organisms may be introduced to a new area where they do not have the natural enemies that exist in the host region or they can be overwhelmed by population growth or damage-causing genetic mutations. Adding more of a pest’s enemies can increase control, but there is a time lag between increasing enemy numbers and their impact on a pest’s population.

Using physical barriers to restrict pest movement can also control them. Screening and netting in greenhouses, tillage, cleaning of equipment and facilities, and mulch can all be used to deprive pests of their comfortable environment and inhibit their movement. Radiation and other forms of heat can also be used to reduce temperature, humidity, or moisture content to suppress pests and disease organisms.

Clutter and other clutter can give pests places to hide, so it is important to clean frequently. Organizing storage areas and cabinets, keeping food tightly sealed in containers, and inspecting packages before they are brought into a home or business can decrease the chances of a pest infestation. Inspecting doors and windows for holes and cracks and caulking these areas can also help to keep pests out of buildings.

In addition, a variety of microbial organisms can be used to control pests through the process of nematode therapy. In this method, the nematode is engineered to be toxic and is then applied to soil where it kills insect larvae by entering their digestive tract. Nematodes need to be applied in a certain way to ensure they are effective; the soil should be moist and aerated, and the application should be done during the day when insects are less active.

Chemicals can be used to control pests as well, although these are more commonly employed after preventive steps have been taken. The type of pesticide that is used depends on the situation and the species of pest. Some types of chemicals are more toxic to the environment than others, and it is important to know how a pesticide works before deciding on its use. For example, sprayed-on insecticides tend to be more toxic to the soil and water quality than baits.

Eradication

Pest control is the process of managing and eliminating unwanted creatures such as rodents, cockroaches, termites, bed bugs and poisonous spiders. These creatures pose a threat to human health, contaminate food, and cause damage to homes and businesses. Pests can also disrupt natural ecosystems by altering habitats or consuming vegetation. Eradication of infectious diseases depends on a complex set of variables including the reproductive rate of the pathogen, its intermediate hosts and humans, and environmental conditions, which are highly variable globally.

Some of the most common methods of pest control include traps and baits, exclusion techniques, physical barriers, chemical spraying and fumigation. Traps and baits are most effective for small-scale pest problems. They can be non-toxic and often work well in combination with other pest control measures. Exclusion methods involve building or landscaping to prevent pests from accessing a property. Physical barriers include screens, doors, and windows. Chemical spraying includes horticultural oils, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides and avicides, which are all designed to kill or inhibit the development of a specific pest.

Fumigation is an extreme form of chemical pest control. It involves sealing a building and filling it with a gas to annihilate any insects or other organisms inside. This method is expensive, dangerous and irreversible. It is used primarily to eliminate health risks or protect valuable materials from contamination.

Museums are susceptible to a variety of pests, including insects, rodents, and fungi. Insects can damage artifacts by boring holes in them or chewing through paint and wood. Fungi can attack materials by rotting them from within and spreading dampness or fungal decay. Pests can enter buildings through open windows and air vents, or be carried in by staff or visitors. Good site sanitation and pest-proof building construction can reduce the threat of pests in museums.

The word eradicate originally meant “pull up by the roots.” It is derived from the Latin verb eradicare, which means to pull out or uproot completely. Today, it’s used more commonly to refer to the elimination of a disease or other nuisance, but it still evokes this meaning. The world’s only fully eradicated infectious disease is smallpox, and polio and rinderpest are close to eradication as well.

The Importance of Pest Control

Kansas City Pest Control is a service that eliminates unwanted creatures like rodents, cockroaches and bed bugs. It is an essential service that protects health and property from infestation.

It is important to use the right type of pesticide. Some chemicals can have a negative effect on people and their pets. These chemicals may also contaminate water runoff or the environment.

One of the best ways to keep pests away from food-related facilities is to prevent them from being able to get into them in the first place. This involves maintaining sanitary conditions and eliminating conditions that attract pests.

This includes wiping down surfaces in food preparation areas to remove crumbs and spills. It is also important to have trash receptacles with lids and to take out the garbage regularly. It is important to clean and remove contaminated materials from areas where food is handled, and to wash out food containers, especially those that have held milk or juice.

Another way to prevent pests is to deny them access to water and food sources. This is accomplished by storing food in tightly sealed containers and removing trash from the facility on a regular basis, with the lids closed. It is important to keep wood piles away from buildings and to trim back bushes and shrubs that may provide rodents or other pests with a highway of access to the structure.

It is also a good idea to keep weeds and other vegetation trimmed back away from the foundation of the building. This allows for a better view of the surrounding area and reduces their hiding places. It is a good practice to sweep up leaves and other debris on a regular basis.

The use of predators, parasites or disease organisms to manage insect populations is another effective method of pest control. These organisms, such as nematodes and bacterium, kill or debilitate the pests without harming people or domestic animals. They are usually specific to the particular pests that they target. The most widely used example is bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is a bacterium that targets caterpillars.

Some natural forces influence all organisms, whether they are considered pests or not. Pests may be regulated by factors such as climate, natural enemies, environmental barriers, availability of food and water and structural features that make them difficult to enter or hide in. This is why it is essential to identify and understand the conditions that can affect pest populations.

Suppression

Even with preventive practices in place, pests can still occur in significant numbers that cause damage or create nuisance conditions. When this occurs, pest control measures are needed. Choosing the best control measure involves determining how much harm is acceptable and identifying pest population levels. This determination is called threshold-based decision making. Threshold levels are different for every environment and pest species, and they are often based on a particular crop’s tolerance level to the pest. The goal of suppression is to reduce a pest population below the threshold level and then prevent it from increasing again.

Physical control methods block pests from entering buildings and other structures or altering their environment. These include traps, screens, barriers, fences, and nets. These can also be used to destroy nests or remove roosts that provide pests with places to hide. Other physical controls include maintaining clean buildings and removing food sources and water supplies that attract pests. For example, storing garbage in tightly closed containers and removing it regularly can help keep pests at bay. Changing the amount or type of water available in an area can also deter some pests, as can the use of humidifiers to raise or lower moisture levels.

Biological control methods use organisms that are natural enemies of a pest, such as predators or parasites, to suppress the population. This can be supplemented by introducing more of the enemy to an area, such as by releasing more predators or parasites, or by using hormones to change the behavior of pests.

Chemical control methods usually involve the use of pesticides. These can be sprayed directly on the pest or in areas where it is likely to hide, such as inside cracks and crevices. The choice of a pesticide depends on the pest and the environment, and the method must be adjusted for each situation.

In general, any chemical application should be followed by a thorough cleaning to eliminate the residue and decrease the chance of poisoning other beneficial insects or animals that may be present. Preventive measures can also reduce the need for chemical control, including regular inspection of the building for entry points by pests and sealing or caulking openings as soon as they are discovered.

Eradication

Pests are organisms that damage or negatively affect people, property, crops, livestock or the environment. Some pests are a nuisance, causing problems such as food contamination in restaurants or structural damage to buildings and their foundations from termites, but others cause disease and even death. Pest control practices aim to reduce the impact of unwanted organisms, safeguard agriculture and human health by controlling diseases they carry and promote biodiversity by preventing invasive species from disrupting ecosystems.

Some pests are more visible than others, such as ants in the kitchen or cluster flies in a restaurant, but most are invisible to the naked eye. They often have an unpleasant appearance, like the grubs of wood-boring beetles or the wing scales of bed bugs. They may bite or sting, as do earwigs, house centipedes and bees. They can also stain or contaminate, as do cockroaches and rats.

The first step in a pest control program is to identify what kind of pests are present, their damage levels and where they are located. This information can help determine how severe the problem is and what kind of controls are needed. Once this information is gathered, the next step is to select appropriate control methods, considering their effectiveness, cost and environmental impact. These methods can be physical, biological or chemical, and a successful pest management program will usually incorporate aspects of all three.

Physical methods for pest control include removing or destroying nests, blocking holes and windows, using temperature controls to kill the pests and setting traps. They are typically most effective in small-scale pest problems. Chemical pest control methods use chemical agents such as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides to kill or prevent the growth of unwanted organisms. They are the most widely used pest control methods.

Another approach to pest control involves encouraging natural enemies of the organism that are harmful to humans, animals or plants. Examples of natural enemies are predators (like hawks or falcons), parasitoids (like varroa mites) and pathogens that naturally occur in the soil but are harmful to insects, such as the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt.

Monitoring

Identifying pests and monitoring their numbers and damage is an important part of many pest control practices. Scouting – regularly searching for, identifying, and assessing pests – can help determine what kinds of controls are needed to keep them under control. Some pests, such as cockroaches and mice, can carry diseases that threaten human health and cause food contamination. Others, like mosquitoes and flies, can cause respiratory problems. Using traps, screens and sprays to reduce their populations is a crucial step in maintaining food safety and hygiene.

Many pests can also be beneficial in some ways, such as providing natural fertilizer for plants or feeding on crop-destroying insects. The idea of introducing predators into the environment to control pests is known as biological pest control. Often this involves releasing organisms that naturally prey on specific species, such as ladybugs or nematodes. The use of these organisms can also be combined with other control methods, such as pheromones or hormones.

While it makes people’s skin crawl to think about it, a cockroach or mouse infestation in a commercial premises can have serious consequences for the business and its customers. Cockroach body parts and droppings can contaminate food and make asthma and other respiratory conditions worse, while rodents can cause structural damage and disrupt electrical systems. These issues can have a significant impact on the business’s reputation, as well as its ability to meet legal requirements for hygiene and food safety.

The most effective pest control methods involve preventing pests from entering buildings in the first place. This can be done by sealing cracks and crevices, keeping rubbish bins tightly closed, and ensuring that drains are not blocked. Infestations of pests can also be controlled by catching them in traps, fly screens and electric insect killers.

Identifying the pests and tailoring the control method to them is important, because some types of pests are more resistant to certain chemicals than others. It is also advisable to use only pesticides registered for the purpose of controlling them, and to follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully to avoid overuse or misuse. Sometimes, a pesticide application fails to control the pests for reasons other than resistance: the area may have been too large, the chemical was not used at the correct concentration or temperature, the pests were at a stage of development that the chemical did not affect or it was applied at the wrong time of year.

How to Prevent Pests and Protect Your Reputation

Pests can cause health problems in people by spreading bacteria and disease through bites. They also damage property. Contact Candor Pest Control now!

Prevention starts with housecleaning, storing food in sealed containers and throwing away trash on a regular basis. Sealing holes and cracks can help.

Physical pest control includes using traps, baits and removing breeding grounds. Pesticides can be harmful to pets and people if misused, so they should only be used by licensed pest control professionals.

Pest Identification

A pest infestation is a significant health risk, particularly in food establishments where pests can carry diseases that are harmful to customers and staff. Being able to identify the pests that are in your workplace will help you to prioritize the health and safety of your staff and customers.

Many pests will leave behind droppings that will indicate their presence in your workplace. You may also find evidence of them moving around the area such as footprints or smear marks. You may also find evidence of a nest they have created. Depending on the type of pest, these signs can be very easy or difficult to distinguish. Rodents leave more obvious indications of their presence due to the size of their droppings, while insects often leave more subtle clues in their tracks.

You should always attempt to identify the pests to species, if possible. This will provide you with important information such as the food they eat, their environmental and harborage needs, how long they live and key biological clues that can assist in designing effective management strategies.

It is also worth remembering that some pests change appearance throughout their life cycle. The nymph stage of a weed bug, for example, looks very different from the adult form. Insects are notorious for this and can be very difficult to identify, especially without the assistance of a specialist.

For most pests, a reference image will be sufficient to make an identification, but for more complicated problems it is sometimes necessary to submit an actual specimen to a specialist for confirmation of the species. This is particularly true of caterpillars and beetles, which can be very similar.

Pest Prevention

Taking steps to prevent pest infestations is the best way to deal with pests. Keeping your home clean helps, as does making sure that the environment is not attracting them. Pests enter homes in search of food, water and shelter and removing these attractants from your property will make it more difficult for them to enter. In addition, sealing up entry points will help to reduce the chance of them entering. This can be done by inspecting your exterior for any cracks or holes that need to be filled. Regular inspections should include the foundation, door frames and windows and the roof, as well as utility pipes and wires that come into the house. Filling these openings with caulk or steel wool will help to keep out pests and will also help to lower energy costs.

In some cases, prevention can be successful by understanding the pests’ lives and how they function. For example, some pests require specific environmental conditions to grow and thrive; understanding these conditions can be used to predict when they will become a problem. This can lead to more targeted control efforts and less reliance on broad-spectrum pesticides.

For commercial properties, pest prevention is important as it can save money and time by reducing the need for chemical treatments. Taking out the trash and recycling regularly, making sure that dumpsters are located away from buildings, and keeping areas free of clutter can all be helpful in preventing pests.

In addition, putting out traps or baits in the right places can be very effective. These baits are typically formulated to minimize the amount of human exposure and they work by providing the pest with a toxic substance that it cannot escape from, or by providing a deterrent that will prevent it from coming close to an area where humans can see it.

Pests can damage your property, contaminate food and make asthma and allergies worse, and they can even spread diseases. Safe pest control is a team effort; residents, property owners, managers and maintenance workers should all be aware of what they can do to help prevent pests and report any pest problems they find in their facilities.

Pesticides

Pesticides are chemicals or substances that kill pests, prevent them from reproducing, or reduce their damage. Pests include insects, mice and other animals, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi and bacteria. Chemicals used to control pests can be used in the field or garden, or in the home and around the yard. Most pesticides used in the home and yard are formulated to be safe for human and pet contact. Home-use pesticides contain much lower concentrations of active ingredients than those sold to agricultural and industrial users. These higher-concentration products may be available only to licensed professionals.

When using any pesticide, it is important to read and follow the instructions on the label. Many chemicals are poisonous and can affect humans and pets, as well as plants and soil. Some are also water-soluble and can leach into groundwater. Some can contaminate air, posing health risks to people and other living things, even after they have broken down into less toxic compounds.

The first step in the use of any pesticide is to observe and identify the pest. If you have any doubt, seek help from your county Extension office. The information you obtain will be valuable in preventing pests and selecting the correct management techniques.

Pesticide products can be divided into two categories: systemic and non-systemic. Systemic pesticides move within a plant’s vascular system and act through the xylem and phloem. Non-systemic pesticides stay on or near the surface of a plant and act through direct contact. The most effective pesticides are systemic.

A third type of pesticide, called a fungicide, controls fungi and diseases that affect plants. A fungicide is generally more water-soluble than either a systemic or non-systemic pesticide.

It is also important to minimize the amount of pesticide you use. Applying more pesticide than recommended on a product’s label is illegal, wasteful and environmentally hazardous. Overuse can leave residues on food, in soil and water or can contaminate other crops or materials.

In addition, overuse increases the risk of resistant pest populations developing through time. The best way to reduce the need for pesticides is to eliminate conditions that invite their growth by creating barriers. This can be done by maintaining high standards of hygiene, blocking gaps around pipes and removing sources of moisture such as standing water or uncovered compost.

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Pests are a common problem in commercial buildings, where they may cause damage to property or spread diseases. They can also affect a company’s image and reputation. A professional pest control company can help businesses prevent pests and protect their reputation by providing regular inspections and treatments.

Licensed pest control technicians use both physical and chemical methods to prevent pests from invading a building or causing harm. In some cases, they can even use biological controls. These pest control techniques are safer for humans and pets than traditional pesticides, which can be harmful if not used properly. Foggers, bombs and other unregulated pesticides can be especially dangerous, as they spray chemicals into the air where people are working or living. In addition, some of these chemicals can land on food or other areas that aren’t intended to receive pesticides, exposing people to health risks.

In addition to using physical and chemical methods, pest control professionals can also advise customers on how to keep pests away from their property. For example, they may recommend sealing cracks or caulking windows to block entrance points for pests. They can also educate customers on how to properly store food and trash to prevent rodents or insects from finding them.

A reputable pest control service will also offer ongoing maintenance services. These can include regularly checking and cleaning drains, gutters and drain traps to remove debris that can attract pests. They can also inspect and repair exteriors to make sure they are weatherproof and insulated to prevent pests from getting inside.

When pests invade a home, it’s important to take action right away. Insects and rodents are primarily looking for shelter and food, and they can quickly turn into a serious nuisance. If left untreated, pests can spread throughout a house and even contaminate food supplies. The best way to avoid a pest infestation is to contact a pest control service at the first sign of an issue. A pest control service will be able to quickly respond to an infestation and keep it under control.

Rodent Control 101: How to Keep Rats and Mice at Bay

Pest Control is managing unwanted organisms such as insects, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, or vertebrate animals. These organisms can damage crops, food stores, gardens, homes and buildings. They can also spread diseases such as rat-bite fever, Salmonella, Trichinosis and Plague. For more information, click the Website to proceed.

Physical traps, netting and blocking points of entry are often effective for controlling pests without the use of chemicals. However, chemical solutions are a more reliable option for controlling pests and can be safer for people and pets.

Insects are the most abundant and diverse group of animals on land. They occupy nearly every microhabitat and function as predators, prey, parasites, hosts or herbivores. Some insects carry pollen from one flower to another, enabling plants to produce seeds and fruit. Others help with aeration of soil and promote its fertility by burrowing through its surface layer. They are also important decomposers, scavenging carrion and rotting animal and plant materials.

In general, insects vary in size. Some, like cockroaches and earwigs, are nearly microscopic while others, such as beetles, dragonflies and walkingsticks, can grow over 12 inches (30 centimeters). Regardless of their size, insects have evolved a variety of ways to protect themselves from enemies. Some hide by blending in with their surroundings, while others can poison or sting their foes.

Most pests have a larval stage before becoming adults. This feeding and growing stage requires nutrients from food, and it also involves molting several times as the insect grows. For example, mosquitoes start life as eggs that hatch into tiny larvae known as wigglers. Once the larva is mature, it transforms into a pupal stage. This non-feeding state can last from a few days to several months.

Insects gain entrance to plants either during the egg stage, when they thrust their sharp ovipositors into tissues to deposit eggs, or in the nymphal stage, after they hatch from the eggs. Many insect pests feed within the tissue of the plant they infest, causing damage to its leaves, roots and stems. Infestation is often detected when a hole appears in a fruit, seed, nut, twig or trunk. The holes that insect pests create as they feed inside the plant are usually minute and hard to detect, since insects have piercing mouthparts that suck juices from their victims.

Rodents

Rodents are mammals characterized by a pair of unremittingly growing front incisors. These teeth are used to gnaw seeds and other plant material, dig burrows and defend against predators. They are extremely diverse, representing more than 2000 species from pygmy mice to capybaras. They are found worldwide and inhabit a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands and forests, as well as urban environments.

Rodents have high reproductive potential and can produce litters of young every 6 to 12 months, with each litter containing 5-6 offspring. This exponential growth can result in overpopulation of rodents, especially in structures that provide shelter and food. Rodents are diurnal in their natural environment but enter periods of dormancy or deep hibernation during cold weather.

Rodent infestations present a serious health hazard. They spread diseases through their urine and feces. They also damage property by gnawing on electrical wires and other materials.

Rodent infestations are difficult to control once they are established in a house or other structure. The first step in rodent control is sanitation. Keeping garbage, compost and other materials as far from the house as possible, as well as woodpiles and stacks of lumber, can help prevent rodents. Store foods like grains, nuts and fruits in rodent-proof containers, and keep kitchens and pantry areas clean and free of crumbs. Store animal feed in containers that are tightly sealed. Maintaining proper storage of dry goods and eliminating cluttered spaces in attics, crawl spaces, and under sinks can prevent rodents from nesting in these places.

Birds

Birds are important in forest ecosystems, controlling populations of insect pest species that damage tree growth and survival. They also provide valuable pest control services in agricultural landscapes, reducing the number of plant-damaging insects and limiting the spread of crop diseases.

Bird predation of agricultural insect pests can significantly decrease population densities and the length of time between outbreaks, as well as reduce the severity of subsequent epidemics. However, the extent to which birds can control pests depends on a variety of factors, including habitat associations and individual feeding preferences.

To determine how much of a role bird species and habitats play in pest control on low-intensity New England farms, we collected and analyzed fecal samples from songbirds at 11 farms in Western Massachusetts over the summers of 2019 and 2020. PERMANOVA and GLM tests indicated that bird species, age and DOY (day of year) all had significant impacts on the frequency with which pests or their natural enemies were present in fecal samples. Because bird species and age were correlated, GLM models with both DOY and age were examined for collinearity using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) statistic.

We found that black-capped chickadees, song sparrows and gray catbirds consumed the most pests in our study system, whereas American redstarts consumed the least. These three species are predominantly shrubland birds that associate with open canopy conditions, and our results suggest that enhancing habitat for these species could enhance the role of bird predation on agricultural insect pests on low-intensity New England landscapes. In addition, examining differences in pest populations and damage between farms that excluded and included songbirds suggests that the benefits of bird predatory control can vary from crop to crop, farm to farm.

Fungi

Fungi, which include mushrooms, yeasts, and the producer of the antibiotic penicillin, are kingdom members alongside plants. They aren’t often considered pests, but they can wreak havoc when they invade crops and cause plant disease. Fungi can also play a role in pest control, with some of the most important fungal biopesticides helping reduce the need for chemical pesticides.

A fungus called Beauveria bassiana targets insects such as aphids, whiteflies, fire ants, and bedbugs, penetrating the bugs’ exoskeletons and proliferating within them until they die from infection or are eaten by predators. Another fungus, Trichoderma viride, kills the plant pathogen Phytophthora nicotiana, which causes leaf spot in cotton and powdery mildew in crops like pineapple, improving crop yields.

Some fungi attack insect pests directly, with more than a thousand species attacking and parasitizing arthropods (insects, mites, ticks, caterpillars, and other arachnids) by infecting their body tissues or disrupting their hormone systems. Many of these entomopathogenic fungi are more effective against certain species than others, and their effectiveness is affected by environmental factors such as temperature and UV radiation.

One of the most promising of these fungi is Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, which infects the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus, causing billions of dollars in property damage and preventive measures each year in the United States. Scientists Chris Dunlap, Mark Jackson, and Maureen Wright in ARS’ Crop Bioprotection Research Unit in New Orleans have applied for a patent on a formulation of the fungus that delivers its slow-acting poison through foam.

The foam exposes the termites to spores of the fungus, which enters the insects’ bodies through tiny holes in their exoskeletons. The fungus sends out threadlike filaments that slowly dissolve the insects’ bodies, killing them from within over several days. The scientists believe the fungus may be a good choice for environmentally sensitive areas that are too close to natural habitats to use chemical pesticides.

Weeds

Weeds are plants that grow where they shouldn’t. Their unwanted growth causes problems for crop production, lawns and gardens and for the overall environment. They are usually unattractive and compete with desired crops for nutrients, water and sunlight. They often spread quickly and can be difficult to eradicate. They may also harbor disease organisms or insects that can affect desired crops. They may contain toxins that interfere with human or animal health or may be poisonous to pets and livestock.

Almost all cultivated plants have wild ancestors that are susceptible to the same pathogens as the crop and some weeds are known to serve as reservoirs of inoculum for these pathogens. Understanding these relationships can inform scouting for diseases and pests in a field and may help growers determine how to manage the weed population to reduce potential economic loss.

Many weed species are food sources for beneficial insects, fungi and microorganisms. For example, a flush of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in a fallow bed can take up nutrient leaching from the soil surface and protect the bed from crusting and erosion. It can also provide nutritious greens for livestock or humans.

In addition to providing food for beneficials, weeds can serve as nesting materials and nectar sources for honey bees. They can also serve as oviposition sites for parasitoids of certain agricultural pests. Flower strips of weedy wildflowers such as Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota) are attractive to predatory wasps, flies and lady beetles that prey on garden pests. This natural insect control can be more effective than spraying an entire field with herbicides. Managing the presence of weeds can improve the quality of the landscape, ecosystems and wildlife habitat by eliminating the need for chemically intensive crop management systems.